This is the Fuselage. How do flaps work on RC plane? Flaps are located on the trailing edge of each wing, between the aileron and fuselage.
Off the shelf RC Planes can do anything from 30 mph to mph, depending on their design, construction, and type of engine. To achieve even higher speeds, specialist design, and engine types need to be used — the current RC Plane speed record is Just starting out with RC Planes?. At first, this may be complicated and hard, but after a few times, you will get used to it, so you will become a professional RC pilot.
The landing may seem even more complicated than flying to a beginner. Model aircrafts are built using a variety of materials including paper, foam board, depron, balsa wood, coroplast sheets, or composite materials like fiberglass or carbon fiber.
In this tutorial, we will be building a radio-controlled model airplane using foam board. This RC plane is easy to build and fly. Styrofoam is the best one to make the RC planes. It posses a very good compressive strength.
You can also use depron, coroplast generally known as sunpeg to make RC planes. All these foams are easily available internationally. Expanded Polyolefin EPO is a molded plastic foam material that is created by engineering polyolefin into small beads and then using heat to mold it into different shapes. EPO is very durable and tough. It is commonly used in making model airplanes and automobile parts, because it is very resilient to damage.
How to Calculate Wing Loading Convert the area to square feet. There are 12 x 12 square inches in a square foot. There are 16 ounces in a pound. Divide the weight by the area:. The length of your fuselage should be sized according to the maximum cross-sectional area. So what is opposite to lift? Lift makes an airplane fly and gravity makes it fall. Now we know four forces acting on an airplane.
If you are designing the fuselage of your RC plane, you have to remember about these forces. Also, if you buy fuselage you have to make sure your motor will make enough thrust to speed your airplane up enough to produce enough lift to fly. But don't worry about it now, we will focus on it later. You can find more informations about airplanes here.
I took the image from this site. There is also many useful informations about airplanes. I added this step for those who are making the fuselage for their own. I added few photos which might be helpful for you, no matter what kind of plane you gonna make. As you may see I can disconnect wings from the fuselage. In right wing is a carbon tube which, when we connect the wings to the fuselage, goes through the fuselage and into another wing where it is attached to the wing using screw.
Servos mounted in wings control ailerons by pulling and pushing on the wire which is connected to the aileron. The servo is connected to the wire with airplane pushrod linkage. If you want to fully control your airplane you need control surfaces. By moving the control surface you can fly up, slow down or turn. To move control surfaces we use servos. To control flight in 3 dimensions you need rudder , elevator and ailerons.
You can also use flaps to generate more lift if you fly slowly or to slow down before landing. But let's talk now about rudder, elevator and ailerons because they are the most important. Each of these surfaces change direction along one axis: rudder change along the vertical axis yaw , elevator along the lateral axis pitch and ailerons along the longitudinal axis roll.
Torque should be from 0. The rule is: bigger control surface bigger plane , bigger servo. Also: faster plane , bigger servo.
By writing bigger I don't mean heavier, but servo with more torque although torque and weight are correlated, it doesn't always mean that heavier servo will have more torque. The speed of the servo is also important, but not as important as torque. Aerobatic planes would need a bigger speed than slow sailplanes. Gears - metal or plastic? Metal is heavier, but more solid also servos with metal gears are more expensive than plastic servos , plastic is lighter but weaker.
If the servo is not overloaded it should work very long even if it has plastic gears but servos with higher torque almost always have metal gears. You have to consider it on your own. There are also analog and digital servos.
I always used analog servos so I can't say what is the difference, but I heard that digital servos are more accurate but also more expensive. Image took from this site. Already you know how airplanes fly and how you can control their flight. If you are making the fuselage for yourself, you need to connect inflexible wire to each control surface.
If you bought the fuselage you probably have already connected wire. To assembly your servos properly, you have to make a bigger hole 2mm in servo arm to attach airplane pushrod linkage using 2 nuts on the image is 1 nut, but with 2 it won't loosen up that pushrod linkage can rotate a little bit.
Do it for every servo. It depends on your model. If you don't have rudder and flaps you need one servo for tail and two for ailerons. If you have rudder, but don't have flaps as I you need another one servo for tail. If you also have flaps you need another 2 for flaps. Check which servos are missing in your model.
Some models have already mounted servos. My had already mounted servos to control ailerons so I had to add only 2 servos to control airplane tail one for rudder and one for elevator.
Now I'll show you how to mount servos to control tail if you have to mount servos also in wings you have to do it on your own. Look at your fuselage and check is there any special space for servos. If yes, just go to another paragraph, if no, you have to make servo holder. I printed my servo holder look at image 1 and 2 but you can cut it from any light and solid material.
Glue it under wires from elevator and rudder if you have using hot glue. Ok, so you have space to mount servos. If there are no holes you can make them using a small drill about 1.
Mount servos using screws which you should find in servo bag to the servo holder. The last step is to connect pushrod linkage to the wire. Move each control surface to their neutral position, loosen up the screw which will tighten the wire that you can insert the wire into the pushrod linkage, move servos that their arms will be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the fuselage and tighten the screw in the pushrod linkage.
You've mounted servos to control the tail. Now you should check the range of the servo move. Download the code at the end of this step, you also need ServoTimer2 library - you can't use the standard Servo library because it will have a conflict with another library which we will use to send data from transmitter to receiver - which you can find at the end of this step.
Connect the servo to Arduino: red wire from the servo to 5V on Arduino, black wire from the servo to GND on Arduino and yellow could be also orange or white wire from the servo to 9th digital pin on Arduino. Send the code to Arduino. Elevator or to whatever you connected should be in the neutral position. In the text box on the left from Send button you can write angle in degrees to which servo should move. Find the biggest angle of deflection down and biggest angle up and write it somewhere.
Repeat this process for every servo angle of deflection of each aileron should be the same. It will be really helpful when we will program receiver. First of all, it should be brushless motor. You can use brushed motors, but they are not recommended for RC planes.
Second of all, if you are going to use your plane outside you have to choose an outrunner motor I don't really know what is the difference between outrunner and inrunner but everyone says that outrunner is to run outside and inrunner is to run inside - in a house for example. If you will look into the brushless motor datasheet example first you see is Kv in our example is Kv. You can see Kv as RPM per volt but it is not really the same here you can read deeper explanation. S means " how many cells in series " this indicates which battery pack is suitable for your motor, but I'll tell you later about it.
If you connect batteries in series their voltage is adding. To calculate the max input voltage to your motor just multiply 4. If you know the max voltage you also know max RPM. To estimate real value will be lower you can multiply max voltage by Kv, in our example, you get Next is which propeller is recommended for your motor. It is only sugestion, you don't have to use the same propeller as in the datasheet I'll tell you about propellers later.
After that is the maximum power of your motor in watts W. Note that power is different for different number of cells in series voltage. After power of motor is current draw in ampers A.
Remember this value because depending on it you will choose ESC but about it later. And below it are dimensions of your motor. Different motors have different sizes. Choose proper one for your plane. Remember the shaft because it will be necessary to choose a proper propeller. If you would like to read more about motor go to this site.
If you would like to see more motors go to this site. There are many types of propellers. They can be made of wood, plastic, carbon, etc. There are even glowing in the night propellers. There are propellers to sport flight or slow flight.
The most popular are plastic, 2 blade propellers. But probably the most important is size of propellers. As you may saw in the motor's datasheet that propellers are write number x number for example 5 x 4.
The first number is the length of the propeller in inches. The second number named pitch is how far in inches the propeller will move through the air per single revolution. Higher second value - plane will fly faster. However, the first value is not less important. If you divide the first value by 2 you get how high above the ground should be the motor.
You should also add half of inch to avoid propeller touching the ground. Many propellers have adapters to adapt to many sizes of motor shafts. Check if there is adapter to your motor's shaft or maybe hub fits your shaft - then you don't need adapters. If your motor moves clockwise you choose clockwise propeller. If you would like to read more about propellers go to this site.
If you would like to see more propellers go to this site. It controls the brushless motor. We will now focus only on ESCs for planes. The main task of ESC is to control the speed of the brushless motor. You can program properly your ESC by sending to it high and low pulses high pulse is about microseconds and low pulse is about microseconds. Go to the datasheet of your ESC and check how you can do it.
Everything should be set properly by default. I encourage you to check your ESC and motor before mounting it into the plane. To do it, I made instructable " How to buy and control brushless motor ". Now let's look at an example. First is Cont Continues Current 40A in our example. This indicates how much current you can draw from ESC to power your motor. After that is Burst Current 55A in our example. However, if you will draw more current or longer than predicted ESC can burn. BEC changes the high relatively voltage on battery to 5V mostly to power the receiver and servos.
BEC also read voltage on battery and if the voltage too low it turns off the motor but still assure power to the receiver to land safely. If you would like to read more about BEC go to this site.
It's the same as S in the motor's datasheet. It's to the battery. From the same side also goes three thin wires to the Arduino. From the opposite site goes three thick wires of the same color. These wires go to the motor order doesn't matter. If motor rotates in wrong direction switch two side wires. If you would like to see more ESCs go to this site. Battery provides power to the ESC.
There are many types of batteries but the most common now is Li-po. We will use actually battery pack because it consist many cells, not just one. Each li-po cell has 3. Let's look at the example of the battery pack. First is Capacity mAh in our example in milliampere-hours SI unit of capacity is Coulomb but everyone use mAh to describe the capacity of battery. If you have a battery with capacity of mAh 1.
To calculate how long you will fly divide 1. Next is voltage. You know what happens with voltage if you connect cells in series, but if you connect batteries in parallel you don't add voltage - you add current. So you saw three ways of writing the same thing. After voltage is discharge rate. C means discharge rate - how many times more current you can take from the battery than its capacity. If the capacity of the battery is 1. For a short amount of time you can take from battery 90 times the capacity of the battery burst discharge rate is equal to 90C.
Below discharge rate are many useful informations about the battery. Also, there is a discharge plug to which you will connect your ESC. You need to buy the same discharge plug as is connected to the battery but female not male and solder it to red and black thick wires which goes from the ESC. If you would like to read more about batteries visit this site. If you would like to see more batteries go to this site. In front of the fuselage as you may remember from third step I had big hole instead of a nice and aerodynamic front.
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