What are your strengths and weaknesses? What are the situations when you find collaboration is most useful, and when do you most need to work alone? Do you think all forms of collaboration are the same? What types of collaborative group work projects have you engaged in that were better suited to extroverts? Have you ever worked in small groups in ways that you felt were better suited for introverts?
What were the differences compared to working in larger groups, and where did you find the greatest benefits for introversion? Given your answers to the questions above, what do you think would be the key components of your ideal work environment?
How does your ideal work environment compare to your actual work environment? Are there any changes you could make that might bring you closer to your ideal? What are they? Best of both worlds: Divide the class into three groups and present a general problem that fits the nature of the coursework e. Have each group present their results.
Assess the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Evaluate whether different problems may be better addressed by different methodologies. Homework Assignment 1. Write a description of how that model will function when working on a project. Section Overview All of us are constrained by our biological makeup; the genetic code we inherit only lets us grow so tall or run so fast.
But is there nothing more we can do? Increasingly, scientists appreciate the vast flexibility of our bodies and their ability to adapt to the ever-changing demands of our environment. In this section, we review evidence that suggests introverted and extroverted temperaments are sometimes based on innate biological factors; this evidence also suggests that temperament may be changed through experience.
Chapter 4 Is Temperament Destiny? In contrast, the term personality is used to describe the complex set of responses both internal and external that individuals display and experience as they grow older. Unlike temperament, personality reflects a complicated interaction between biological temperamental and environmental factors. Some of the most powerful evidence for the existence of introverted and extroverted temperaments comes from a longitudinal study led by Harvard professor Jerome Kagan over multiple decades.
Beginning in the late s, Kagan measured the responses of four-month-old infants as they were exposed to various new experiences. Some of the infants showed strong reactions including crying and pumping their arms, while others remained relatively placid. Somewhat counterintuitively, Kagan hypothesized that those infants who were most reactive to the new stimuli whom Kagan called high-reactives would grow up to be introverts.
Because underlying the surface quiet of many introverts is a chronic responsiveness to new situations, especially social situations. Novelty can be fun and exciting, but it also brings uncertainty.
In contrast, the calm infants, seemingly unfazed by the new stimuli, grew up to be more extroverted. Not necessarily. First, as Kagan himself frequently emphasizes, there are many factors beyond high-reactivity that can produce introverted or extroverted qualities. Reactivity to novelty is just one component, and many other aspects of life experience may either enhance or overshadow that component in the shaping of personality. Second, being high-reactive or low-reactive is a mixedblessing in either case.
High-reactives are more sensitive, which can increase their risk of being negatively affected, but can also enhance their ability to learn and grow from enriched environments.
The phenomenon regarding the positive aspects of being a high-reactive child has been further examined in the orchid hypothesis, a term coined by writer David Dobbs.
Dobbs suggests that some children are like dandelions, plants able to thrive in just about any environment, while other children are like orchids. The orchid is more fragile than the dandelion, but given the right environment, it can produce a rare and extraordinary blossom. In this chapter, a lot of data is revealed suggesting that qualities of temperament are manifest from a very early age and that personality is malleable as we grow.
What would you identify as your temperament i. In what ways has your adult personality transcended your temperament? In what ways has it not? Were you surprised to learn that adult personality traits could be predicted by responses to new stimuli at such an early age?
If this is true, what do you think it means about how our emotional responses influence our personality? Do you agree with the orchid hypothesis as a reasonable framework through which to view some of the potential benefits of being a high-reactive, or do you feel this hypothesis is biased towards introverts?
What type of data or study would help support or refute it? Shock effect: Create a surprising shock effect i. Have students evaluate their response on the Kagan high-reactive—low-reactive scale. Lemon juice test: Have students take the lemon juice test by having them place drops of lemon juice on the tips of their tongues.
The theory here is that high-reactives will salivate more than lowreactives. Discuss whether the two tests reveal the same temperament in each student. Control group: Have the students split into two groups in two different rooms. Have individuals in each group try to solve as many simple math problems as they can in ten minutes.
Interrupt one group with some kind of brief startle effect twice during the ten minutes. Evaluate the accuracy and number of problems solved by each group, noting the different results by the control group and the startle group. Interview students in the startle group and ask them whether they feel their results were compromised because of the distractions.
For a different take on this activity, instead of introducing the startle effect, the teacher plays loud music for one group and soft music for the other group while they are solving the problems. Compare how the extroverts and introverts in each group were affected by both music styles. Were there preferences? Home research: Track the number of times you are interrupted during the course of one day and record your responses to these interruptions in your journal.
Rate the effect of each interruption on a scale from 0 to10 see scale below. Describe what impact the interruptions had on your productivity and how much time it took for you to get back to the task at hand.
Oxygen use reflects changes in neural activity as different brain regions become more or less active. Schwartz found that the same individuals who had been characterized as high-reactives in the second year of their lives showed elevated responses to novel faces in a brain region called the amygdala.
Individuals with conditions such as anxiety and depression frequently have been found to have high amygdala responses, possibly reflecting a greater tendency toward worrying. How strong a response the amygdala sends and how easily it can be restrained are two biological factors that contribute to high- and low-reactive temperaments.
This is what allows shy people to overcome their anxieties in situations that initially make them uncomfortable, such as attending cocktail parties or speaking in public. Still, the fact that amygdala responses were stronger in high-reactive children many years after they were first assessed tells us something important about temperament: we can change who we are, but only to a certain degree. Therefore, it is important for each person to learn where his or her own comfort zone lies and to try to stay there as much as possible.
Too little novelty can become boring, but too much can be overwhelming. What are the different challenges faced by high-reactives and low-reactives as they mature? What is your sweet spot? How do you know? What are the top three signs that you are overstimulated? What are the top three signs that you are understimulated? Can we change them: Students discuss, in pairs, whether it is easier to expand the repertoire of behaviors and social skills of an introvert or the reflection and sensitivity of an extrovert.
Walk a mile in my shoes: Have students role-play conversations in which introverts try to be more extroverted and extroverts try to be more introverted. What difficulties does each type have emulating the other type? What actually feels useful about reversing roles?
Also, reflect on your comfort level on the normal days. Are you fully comfortable in your normal pattern? Eleanor, on the other hand, was shy, awkward, and unsure of herself in many ways, but she retained a gravitas, a sensitivity, and an intellectual depth that many—including Franklin—were drawn to and admired. Sensitivity and introversion appear to be closely related traits. These were the children who responded strongly to even small changes in the world around them.
As research psychologist Dr. Empathy is the ability to not just intellectually understand what another person feels but also to feel what they feel.
A famously introverted politician of our time is Al Gore. When Gore was first exposed to theoretical models of climate change as a Harvard undergraduate, he was deeply moved—and terrified.
When he arrived in Congress in the s, he approached his fellow congressmen with the climate change information that had left such a strong impression on him.
His colleagues, however, were unimpressed. The Gore example offers two great lessons for introverts: 1 they must recognize that they may be more sensitive to important information than their more extroverted peers, and 2 they must recognize that they may have to step outside their comfort zone to successfully communicate their concerns to a broader audience. Do you agree? What about being introverted might enhance empathy?
Do you think introverts are better at understanding how other people think, or just how they feel? Who wins? Evaluate each of them on the introvert-extrovert spectrum. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses in each of their personalities as leaders.
Embed Size px x x x x Y2 9L. A species in which everyone was GeneralPatton would not succeed, any more thanwould a race in which everyone was Vin-cent van Gogh.
I prefer to think that theplanet needs athletes, philosophers, sexsymbols, painters, scientists; it needs thewarmhearted, the hardhearted, the cold-hearted, and the weakhearted. It needsthose who can devote their lives to study-ing how many droplets of water aresecreted by the salivary glands of dogs un-der which circumstances, and it needsthose who can capture the passing impres-sion of cherry blossoms in a fourteen-syl-lable poem or devote twenty-five pages tothe dissection of a small boys feelings ashe lies in bed in the dark waiting for hismother to kiss him goodnight.
Indeedthe presence of outstanding strengths. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of pages and is available in Hardcover format. The main characters of this non fiction, self help story are ,.
Please note that the tricks or techniques listed in this pdf are either fictional or claimed to work by its creator. We do not guarantee that these techniques will work for you. Your comfort level in any environment depends on the level of stimulation you receive.
Stimulation is the amount of input you receive from the world around you. For instance, in , she spent three months traveling the country, listening to stories of the people devastated by the Great Depression, which she reported to FDR while urging action.
Among other things, she:. Studies of highly sensitive toddlers found they had a stronger conscience than other children—they got more upset when they believed they had broken a borrowed and highly valued toy. Later in life, these children were less likely to cheat and break rules; they also had stronger moral traits such as empathy and had fewer behavior problems.
The research Similarly, company directors buying other companies can get so caught up in beating other bidders that they pay more than the target company is worth. Further, University of Wisconsin researchers found that when reward-sensitive extroverts run into roadblocks or warning signs while pursuing a goal, they press ahead even harder without considering the warning signs.
In contrast, introverts stop, question themselves, and become more vigilant. Because they stop and reassess, introverts are better able to learn from setbacks or mistakes and to foresee future problems.
Along with making risky investment decisions, extroverts are prone to downplay or ignore danger in other areas. For instance, extroverts are more likely than introverts to:.
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We find these too vague to be satisfying. At Shortform, we want to cover every point worth knowing in the book. Learn nuances, key examples, and critical details on how to apply the ideas. You want different levels of detail at different times. That's why every book is summarized in three lengths:. One reason for the different attitudes may be group identity.
Asians see themselves as part of a larger entity, whether a family, community, or company. They often put group interests ahead of personal interests to promote group harmony.
In contrast, Western culture celebrates the individual—everyone is free to express themselves and follow their destinies. Asians value traits that promote group harmony, such as sensitivity and humility; Western culture favors those that promote individuality, such as verbal ability and assertiveness. In one study of brain activity, American and Japanese participants were shown pictures of men in dominant and submissive postures.
However, while Westerners may view deference as So how can many introverts act out of character so convincingly? Consider the following: when asked as a child what you wanted to be one day, what was the impulse behind your Extroverts need to understand how desperately introverts need time to recover from a hectic day, and introverts need to understand that their silence can come across as rejection of their partners.
Introverts and extroverts also have different ways of handling conflict or differences. Introverts are uncomfortable with emotions, so they become quiet and dispassionate when dealing with a conflict. Extroverts raise their voices and become emotional, especially as their partners seem to withdraw.
To put it another way, introverts try to avoid conflict while extroverts are comfortable with a confrontational style of disagreement.
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