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This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Multiple sclerosis MS is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system CNS lesions that can lead to severe physical or cognitive disability as well as neurological defects. Introduction Multiple sclerosis MS , the most prevalent neurological disability, is an autoimmune-mediated disorder that affects the central nervous system CNS and often leads to severe physical or cognitive incapacitation as well as neurological problems in young adults 1.
Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis Inflammation of the white and gray matter tissues in the CNS due to focal immune cell infiltration and their cytokines are the incipient cause of damage in MS. Open in a separate window. Environmental factors Environmental factors, including exposure to viral and bacterial agents such as Epstein Barr virus EBV , human herpes virus type 6, and mycoplasma pneumonia 25 , in addition to smoking 26 , vitamin deficiency 27 , diet 28 , 29 , and exposure to UV radiation 30 are associated with the onset of MS.
Genetic susceptibility A genetic predisposition may be involved in MS. Clinical manifestations Usually, MS symptoms are unpredictable and uncertain. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis Early detection of MS is important because it gives us the opportunity to seek treatment and plan for the future. Table 1 More common symptoms of multiple sclerosis MS.
Primary symptoms More common symptoms Sensory disturbances numbness, tingling, itching, burning Walking difficulties due to fatigue, weakness, spasticity, loss of balance and tremor Vision problems diplopia, blurred, and pain on eye movement Intestinal and urinary system dysfunction constipation and bladder dysfunction Cognitive and emotional impairment inability to learn and depression Dizziness and vertigoSexual problems Less common symptoms Swallowing problems dysphagia Speech problems dysarthria Breathing problemsHearing lossSeizuresHeadache Secondary symptoms Urinary tract infectionsInactivityImmobility Tertiary symptoms Social complicationsVocational complicationsPsychological complicationsDepression.
Cell-based therapy for multiple sclerosis Currently, there is no definite cure for MS. Conclusion The precise cause of MS is unknown. References 1. Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Loma I, Heyman R. Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol. Weiner HL. A shift from adaptive to innate immunity: a potential mechanism of disease progression in multiple sclerosis.
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