Some people find out they have HPV when they get genital warts. Women may find out they have HPV when they get an abnormal Pap test result during cervical cancer screening. In that same year, there were 13 million new infections. Cervical cancer: Every year, nearly 12, women living in the U. More than 4, women die from cervical cancer—even with screening and treatment.
There are other conditions and cancers caused by HPV that occur in people living in the United States. Every year, about 19, women and 12, men experience cancers caused by HPV. This could be less than the actual number of people who get genital warts.
Pregnant people with HPV can get genital warts or develop abnormal cell changes on the cervix. Routine cervical cancer screening can help find abnormal cell changes. You should get routine cervical cancer screening even when you are pregnant. There is no treatment for the virus itself. However, there are treatments for the health problems that HPV can cause:.
Cervical Cancer Screening. Box Rockville, MD E-mail: npin-info cdc. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Human Papillomavirus HPV. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Minus Related Pages. Basic fact sheets answer general questions about STDs. You can add this content to your website by syndicating. This study highlights the reasons for parents' reluctance towards HPV vaccine in order to optimize strategies for effective communication with parents.
Keywords: Acceptability; HVP vaccine; cancer of the cervix; human papillomavirus; survey. Abstract in English, French. Vaccine trials have been conducted predominantly in North America, Latin America and Europe and none have yet been conducted in Africa Table 2.
The antibody responses to both the hepatitis B vaccine recombinant and the quadrivalent HPV vaccine were similar whether they were administered at the same visit or at different visits. Studies to evaluate the concomitant use of the quadrivalent and bivalent vaccines with other vaccines commonly given to adolescents, such as combined diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine Tdap and meningococcal conjugate vaccine are under way.
The vaccines have not yet been evaluated among persons with HIV, severe malnutrition or intercurrent malarial or helminth infection. For the bivalent vaccine, data in this report are taken from phase II trials, which were powered to detect efficacy against incident new or persistent infection with vaccine-type HPV.
The primary analyses were conducted among women vaccinated according to protocol no major deviations who did not have evidence of past or current infection with the relevant HPV genotypes included in the vaccines until at least one month after the third dose.
CI, confidence interval. HPV vaccines are designed to be prophylactic i. Data on efficacy, immunogenicity and safety in women who have already been exposed to vaccine-type HPV are only available for the quadrivalent vaccine. Nonetheless, because only a very small minority of women had already been infected with all four HPV vaccine-types at baseline, based on the possible efficacy for other vaccine types in women already infected with one vaccine-related type, it is not necessary to screen for HPV before vaccinating women.
Although screening is not needed to decide on eligibility for vaccination, screening will still be needed among vaccinated women, e. Studies are continuing for both vaccines. Antibody levels fall by about one log between the peak after the third dose and 18 months after vaccination and then level off, and have remained as high or higher than those seen after natural infection for the approximately 5 years of follow-up analysed to date.
Early results from the quadrivalent vaccine trials show an increase in antibody titres to a challenge dose given five years after initial vaccination. Protection against persistent infection 32 or a combined endpoint of persistent infection and all genital diseases 36 has been demonstrated for up to 5 years post-enrollment in phase II studies, the longest reported follow-up so far.
Follow-up studies are planned for both vaccines to determine duration of antibody and clinical protection among women through at least 14 years after dose 3.
Injection site pain, erythema and oedema were common and occurred significantly more often for vaccine recipients than placebo recipients. Few subjects 0.
Overall, there were no differences in the proportion of women developing a serious adverse event in the vaccine or placebo group. A detailed post-licensure plan is in place to obtain additional safety data. Knowledge of the burden of disease, safety and effectiveness of HPV vaccine is not enough to decide whether to introduce HPV vaccine.
The estimated costs of and benefits from HPV vaccine need to be compared to those of other interventions. The magnitude of benefit in a specific country will depend on the incidence, mortality and treatment costs of disease attributable to the HPV genotypes against which the vaccines protect, as well as on the vaccine efficacy, achievable coverage and duration of protection. In countries where the treatment of other HPV-associated conditions e.
In countries with limited or no screening and low access to treatment, the major predicted benefit from HPV vaccination is the potential reduction in cervical cancer deaths. Preliminary results from cost-effectiveness models in low- and middle-income countries suggest that a combination of HPV vaccination and screening 1—3 times per lifetime can be cost-effective for cervical cancer prevention, 41 though not at current vaccine prices.
Further work is needed to assess how robust this finding is in different settings. The coverage that is achievable with three doses of HPV vaccine among pre-adolescent girls is the major determinant of overall programme effectiveness.
Direct protection of the individual is expected to decline as age at vaccination increases, as older women will be more likely to have had prior HPV infection. Catch-up campaigns may shorten the time until impact is seen on disease outcomes. The potential benefits of vaccinating males may include direct protection against certain HPV-related conditions and indirect protection of women by reducing transmission of HPV.
Results of dynamic simulation models of HPV transmission suggest that if high coverage of females can be achieved, there is little additional reduction in cervical cancer to be gained by vaccinating males.
Validation of predictions based on these complex models will require long-term field implementation studies. Furthermore, the potential acceptability and coverage of a strategy targeting girls only against one including both sexes should also be considered. Manufacturers have declared their willingness to tier prices for countries with different economic settings. Vaccine price is likely to be a major determinant of the cost and affordability of any vaccine programme.
Administration costs are expected to be higher than for traditional vaccines, since very few countries have universal programmes for delivering health care to pre-adolescents. HPV vaccines are very effective at preventing infection and disease related to the vaccine-specific genotypes in women with no evidence of past or current HPV infection. Protection lasts for at least 5 years. HPV vaccines will reduce but not eliminate the risk of cervical cancer, and screening programmes will be important interventions for cervical cancer even after HPV vaccines are introduced, although the procedures used for screening may need to be adapted.
The primary target age group for HPV vaccines is likely to be pre-adolescent girls, but the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating other groups needs to be evaluated. Further data on regional and country variations in HPV epidemiology, the natural history and transmission of HPV infection, the mechanism and duration of protection by HPV vaccines, whether cross-protection is confirmed and the costs and effectiveness of different strategies for vaccination and screening will improve predictions of the benefits of these new vaccines.
Innovative methods will be needed to finance HPV vaccine introduction. This paper is based on a longer document prepared by the authors and reviewed by a group of experts who attended a consultation of the World Health Organization Human Papillomavirus Expert Advisory Group on 3—4 August in Geneva, Switzerland. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Bull World Health Organ. Find articles by FT Cutts.
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Find articles by DM Harper. Find articles by L Markowitz. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Correspondence to FT Cutts e-mail: ku.
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