HR: hotel rates. Usually refers to state affiliate. NC: computers are not allowed to participate. Open section: a section open to all. Often has very strong players, but some who are eligible for lower sections can play for the learning experience.
OSA: other states accepted. Refers to state dues. Quad: 4-player round robin sections; similar strength players. Rds: rounds; scheduled game times follow. Reg: registration at site. RR: round robin preceded by number of rounds. Novice: A player who is new to chess. Open File: A file that has no pawns of either color situated on them. Open files are most attractive to Rooks. Open Game: A game style that does not involve a great deal of pawn chains and usually opens with 1.
Pieces are giving excellent mobility and often developed quickly. Open Tournament: A tournament open to any player regardless of strength or experience. Opposition: A position where the two kings are on the same rank, file, or diagonal with an odd number of squares separating them. If there is only one square in between both Kings, this is direct opposition. If there are three to five squares separating the Kings, this is distant opposition.
A player "has the opposition" if the Kings are in direct opposition and the opponent must move, thereby allowing the player to advance his King. Outside Passed Pawn: A passed pawn away from most of the other pawns on the board. Over the Board: A term describing chess games that are played when the opponents are face to face, as opposed to correspondence chess or chess over the internet. Passed Pawn: A pawn that has no enemy pawn on either adjacent file to stop it's advance to the other side of the board for promotion.
Patzer: A derogatory name for a weak player. See also Woodpusher and Duffer Pawn: The weakest piece on the chessboard, yet the only piece that has the ability to become stronger. A pawn moves straight ahead, yet captures pieces diagonally. The pawn is the only piece that does not capture the way it moves. The pawn also has the ability to capture en passant.
On the first move of each pawn, a player has the option of advancing that pawn one or two square. All subsequent moves of that specific pawn must be one square at a time.
If the first pawn move is only one square, that pawn loses the ability to ever move more than one square again. If a pawn reaches the enemy's first rank, it must be promoted to another piece other than a King. It cannot remain a pawn. The relative strengths of all other pieces on the chessboard are measured in pawn increments. Pawn Grabbing: A derogatory term for a player who chooses to capture enemy pawns at the expense of development or countering attacks.
Also called "pawn munching" or "pawn snatching". Pawn Storm: The advance of two or more connected pawns for the intent of an attack on the King, to promote one of the pawns, or to restrict the movement of the enemy pieces. Pawn storms are most effective when the Kings have castled on opposite sides of the board. Perpetual Check: A position where one player can continuously place his opponent in check without the threat of checkmate. This kind of game is usually drawn as one of the players is most often able to create a threefold repetitious position.
Pin: A tactic where a piece is forced to shield another valuable piece from attack. If the shielding piece were to move, the piece behind it would be lost. See Absolute Pin and Relative Pin. Poison Pawn: A pawn that seems undefended and able to be captured, however, in doing so permits the other player who gave up the pawn to engage in a strong attack or to win the piece that captured the pawn.
Post Mortem: A slang term meaning the analysis of a game after it has been completed. Promotion: When a pawn reaches the enemy's first rank, it must immediately become another piece with the exception of a King at the player's choice. Most often pawns are promoted to a Queen; however, in some circumstances underpromotion to a Knight, Rook, or Bishop may be chosen.
Protected Passed Pawn: A passed pawn that has the protection of another friendly pawn on an adjacent file. Queen: The strongest piece on the chessboard. The Queen is equivalent to nine pawns. The Queen can move by diagonals, ranks, or files; combining the movements of the Bishop and the Rook as long and as far as she please until her moves are obstructed by another piece.
Quiet Move: A move that does not capture, check, or otherwise threaten an enemy piece. Rank: Any horizontal row on the chessboard. Ranks are noted with the numbers 1 through 8 for identification.
Rating: A numerical representation of a player's success rate and approximation of strength. Relative Pin: A pin where the movement of the shielding piece is legal, but not desirable.
In other words, move a shielding piece is allowed because the King is not involved in the pin, however a strong piece, such as the Queen, may be lost.
Resign: To admit defeat in a game before being checkmated. After a player resigns, the game is over. Rook: A major chess piece. The Rook's strength is equivalent to five pawns. The Rook can only move in straight lines along ranks and files until stopped by another piece.
The Rook is the piece, other than the King, that is involved in the castling move. Sometimes called a "castle", however to refer to it that way is to appear unprofessional. Sacrifice: To deliberately give up material to achieve an advantage which could include a gain in tempo, greater mobility, a checkmate, etc Simultaneous Exhibition: Also called a "simul". This is an event where a single player plays numerous opponents at the same time.
The opponents have only the time in which it takes the exhibitor to return to consider their moves. Skewer: Also called an X-ray Attack. A tactic where a valuable piece is put under attack and must move to be saved. Once the valuable piece moves out of attack, a second piece behind it is revealed and subjected to being captured.
Skittles: A slang term for unofficial chess games, most often played quickly. Smothered Mate: A form of checkmate where the King is unable to escape check because his own friendly pieces prevent him from moving. Spite Check: A check given by a player facing the inevitable checkmate of his own King.
A Spite Check does not eliminate the threat of checkmate; it merely delays it for a move or two. Stalemate: A situation where a player has no legal moves to make. This game ends in a draw. Strategy: The overall, long range plans for the game. Swindle: See cheapo. Tactics: Plans and moves that gain advantages in the short term. TD: Abbreviation for Tournament Director Tempo: The chess equivalent to time involving moving pieces and keeping the initiative.
An example of a lost tempo is moving a piece twice in the opening before developing the rest of the army. When moving a piece twice, the opponent is said to "gain a tempi" because he can take that extra move and secure his position, have a lead in development or begin an attack. Threat: A move that threatens to capture an enemy piece or damage the position of the opponent. If the piece touched cannot be legally moved, the player must make a legal move with another piece and can, at the discretion of the tournament director, be penalized.
If a player touches an opponent's piece, he is bound to capture that piece if legal. Tournament: A series of chess games with multiple players.
Tournament Director: The individual in charge of any chess tournament. The tournament director is responsible for enforcing rules, settling disputes or claims, keeping order, and creating pairings. A tournament director, depending on the size of the tournament may elicit help from Assistant Tournament Directors.
Underpromotion: Promoting a pawn to any piece other than a Queen. Undoubling: To move a doubled pawn to the adjacent pawn by way of a capture. To explain the title system I must first explain the concept of FIDE and of national chess federations. FIDE is the international governing body for chess. It runs tournaments where there is significant international competition.
As a person, you cannot join FIDE. Different countrys have different NM requirements. This is not an internationally standardised title but is given by each national chess organization and may have different requirements per country. USCF and some other organizations also have "Candidate Masters" CM which is not really a true titled player but just says that this player is close to becoming a master. In the USCF this is , the same as expert class.
A tournament which is acceptable to "count" for the title is called a norm. The next and last title is Grand Master. The player must have a rating of at least at some point, and must complete two GM norms more exclusive than IM norms.
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